A Bifunctional Hybrid Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution: Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Strongly Coupled to B,N-Decorated Graphene

The electrocatalyzed oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER, respectively) are the core components of many energy conversion systems, including water splitting, fuel cells, and metal–air batteries. Rational design of highly efficient non-noble materials as bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalysts is of great importance for large-scale practical applications. A new strongly coupled hybrid material is presented, which comprises CoO_x nanoparticles rich in oxygen vacancies grown on B,N-decorated graphene (CoO_x NPs/BNG) and operates as an efficient bifunctional OER/ORR electrocatalyst. Advanced spectroscopic techniques were used to confirm formation of abundant oxygen vacancies and strong Co−N−C bridging bonds within the CoO_x NPs/BNG hybrid. Surprisingly, the CoO_x NPs/BNG hybrid electrocatalyst is highly efficient for the OER with a low overpotential and Tafel slope, and is active in the ORR with a positive half-wave potential and high limiting current density in alkaline medium.     

Scalable Template Synthesis of Resorcinol–Formaldehyde/Graphene Oxide Composite Aerogels with Tunable Densities and Mechanical Properties

Resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) and graphene oxide (GO) aerogels have found a variety of applications owing to their excellent properties and remarkable flexibility. However, the macroscopic and controllable synthesis of their composite gels is still a great challenge. By using GO sheets as template skeletons and metal ions (Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, or Ca²⁺) as catalysts and linkers, the first low‐temperature scalable strategy for the synthesis of a new kind of RF–GO composite gel with tunable densities and mechanical properties was developed. The aerogels can tolerate a strain as high as 80 % and quickly recover their original morphology after the compression has been released. Owing to their high compressibility, the gels might find applications in various areas, for example, as adsorbents for the removal of dye pollutants and in oil‐spill cleanup.     

冲击载荷下瞬态温度的实时测量方法

将红外瞬态测温装置引入SHPB冲击实验,确定了不同材料试件的温度标定曲线,并实时测量了冲击下Al合金和伪弹性TiNi合金试样的表面温度。结果表明,2种试样温度变化都经历了加载过程的温度升高,主要不同在于卸载过程,Al合金卸载过程中温度保持最大加载温度不变,而TiNi合金试样卸载过程中温度降低,这反映了2种材料不同的物理变形过程和温度变化机制。直接红外测温的实验结果与根据能量守恒理论计算的温度较好吻合,说明采用的红外测温方法实时测量冲击瞬态温度是可行的。     

PERSPECTIVES IN MECHANICS OF HETEROGENEOUS SOLIDS

The Microand Nano-mechanics Working Group of the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics organized a forum to discuss the perspectives,trends,and directions in mechanics of heterogeneous materials in January 2010.The international journal,Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica,is devoted to all fields of solid mechanics and relevant disciplines in science,technology,and engineering,with a balanced coverage on analytical,experimental,numerical and applied investigations.On the occasion of the 30 th anniversary of Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica,its editor-in-chief,Professor Q.S.Zheng invited some of the forum participants to review the state-of-the-art of mechanics of heterogeneous solids,with a particular emphasis on the recent research development results of Chinese scientists.Their reviews are organized into five research areas as reported in different sections of this paper.§I firstly brings in focus on microand nano-mechanics,with regards to several selective topics,including multiscale coupled models and computational methods,nanocrystal superlattices,surface effects,micromechanical damage mechanics,and microstructural evolution of metals and shape memory alloys.§II shows discussions on multifield coupled mechanical phenomena,e.g.,multi-fields actuations of liquid crystal polymer networks,mechanical behavior of materials under radiations,and micromechanics of heterogeneous materials.In §III,we mainly address the multiscale mechanics of biological nanocomposites,biological adhesive surface mechanics,wetting and dewetting phenomena on microstructured solid surfaces.The phononic crystals and manipulation of elastic waves were elaborated in §IV.Finally,we conclude with a series of perspectives on solid mechanics.This review will set a primary goal of future science research and engineering application on solid mechanics with the effort of social and economic development.     

60Si2Mn螺旋弹簧的压缩应力松弛行为与贮存寿命预测

为评价60Si2Mn螺旋压缩弹簧的室温松弛特性,利用InstronE3000K8953型小吨位电子动静态疲劳试验机,对其在不同温度和初始应力水平条件下进行了高温压缩加速应力松弛试验,研究了环境温度、初始应力水平对松弛行为的影响.基于粘弹性体模型,揭示了应力松弛过程中弹性应变向塑性应变的转化特性与塑性应变随松弛时间的变化规律.在对应力松弛前后弹簧丝材金相和TEM微结构进行对比分析的基础上,探讨了应力松弛的微观机制.结果表明,环境温度与初始应力水平对松弛速率具有显著影响.基于应力松弛过程的热激活特性,建立了60Si2Mn螺旋压缩弹簧的贮存寿命预测方程,并对不同应力水平下弹簧的室温和高温贮存寿命进行了合理预测.     

The mass transfer process and the growth rate of NaCl crystal growth by evaporation based on temporal phase evaluation

The mass transfer process and the crystal growth rate have been proved to be very important in the study of crystal growth kinetics, which influence the crystal quality and morphological stability. In this paper, a new method based on temporal phase evaluation was presented to characterize the mass transfer process in situ and determine the crystal growth rate. The crystallization process of NaCl crystal growth by evaporation was monitored in situ by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and the absolute concentration evolution, the evaporation rate and the real-time supersaturation of solution were obtained using temporal phase analysis, which acted as a novel technique to extract phase variation along time axis recently. Based on the evaporation rate and the absolution concentration, a new method to calculate mass transfer flux during the crystal growth without the knowledge of the mass transfer coefficient was proposed, and then the crystal growth rate could also be retrieved under the hypothesis of cubic crystals. The results show that the crystal growth rate increases with the supersaturation linearly. It is in agreement with the diffusion theories, which presume that matter is deposited continuously on a crystal face at a rate proportional to the difference in concentration between the points of deposition and the bulk of solution. The method is applicable to the research of crystallization process based on evaporation or vapor diffusion of which the precise conditions of nucleation and supersaturation are usually unknown because of the complexity of the evaporation rate and crystal growth rate.     

泡沫铝在SHPB高温动态下的变形过程研究

利用分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)实验装置研究轻质泡沫铝在动态压缩下的温度相关性,重点设计了一种基于SHPB的可视化高温炉,在此基础上通过高速摄影观测泡沫铝试件在高低温且动态压缩下的变形过程。动态加载下的实验结果表明：常温下,胞壁在变形过程中易于观察到屈曲失稳、撕裂、弯曲等现象,且在压缩的过程中碎片飞溅;高温下材料软化较明显,呈现出更多的塑性弯曲现象,但是屈曲失稳与撕裂的现象并不显著,变形过程中并无碎片产生。     

Molecular dynamics studies on spreading of nanofluids promoted by nanoparticle adsorption on solid surface

Spreading of nanofluids on solid substrate was studied via molecular dynamics simulations. Simulation models for two immiscible fluids (oil and water based nanofluids) confined in a slit between two planar solid walls were set up. The influence of the volume concentration of the nanoparticles on the three-phase contact line motion was investigated. We found that the larger volume concentration results in more visible nanoparticle adsorption on solid surface. This effect further induces an advancing displacement of the contact line compared with the meniscus profiles in low concentration case and that with the absence of nanoparticles. These findings are consistent with the previous experimental and theoretical results and provide the atomic-scale understanding on nanofluid spreading.     

材料参数对韧性材料高应变率拉伸碎裂过程的影响

Grady-Kipp将一个与断裂能量相关的内聚断裂模型引入Mott[1]的刚性卸载波分析,导出一个预测韧性材料在高速拉伸碎裂过程中产生碎片的平均尺度的计算公式[2]。为定量评估Grady-Kipp公式的适用程度,采用数值方法模拟了具有不同材料参数的一维弹塑性杆在高应变率拉伸过程中的碎裂现象。通过改变材料的断裂能 、密度 和应变率敏感系数c,模拟了杆在不同应变率 下的碎裂过程,研究了材料参数对碎裂时的碎片尺度、表观断裂应变和断口温升等的影响。通过对应变率和碎片尺寸进行无量纲化,证实Grady-Kipp公式在广泛的材料参数范围内能较好地预测碎裂过程中发生的碎片平均尺寸。     

Analysis of Optical Readout Sensitivity for Uncooled Infrared Detector

An optical readout uncooled infrared detector, employing a substrate-free focal plane array with pitch size 60μm, is established. The reflector deformation induced by the stress mismatching of the bi-layer structure is discussed and, in turn, a universal solution to determine both the optical readout sensitivity and the optimal filter position is found. By applying this solution, the optical readout sensitivity for the ideal plane reflector could theoretically increase by 80% as compared with the conventional operation, and the sensitivity loss caused by the reflector deformation can also be reduced to a reasonable level.